A community may incorporate a city government if it meets the standards in the law (AS 29.05.011, AS 29.05.021, AS 29.05.100, 3 AAC 110.005-3 AAC 110.042, and 3 AAC 110.900-3 AAC 110.980).

Among the standards is the requirement to show the need for a new city. If the proposed city is within an organized borough, the need for a new city is more difficult to show. The law (AS 29.05.021) does not allow the creation of a new city within an organized borough if essential city services can be provided more efficiently or more effectively by an existing organized borough on an areawide basis, non-areawide basis, or through an existing borough service area.

That limitation reflects the fact that local government principles in Alaska's constitution view a borough with no city governments as the ideal structure for delivery of local services. The drafters of the Local Government Article of Alaska's Constitution "conceived the long-run relationship of the borough and the city as a gradual evolution toward unified government" (Final Report on Borough Government, p. 43, Alaska Legislative Council and the Local Affairs Agency).

The express purpose of the Local Government Article is to "provide for maximum local self-government with a minimum of local government units, and to prevent duplication of tax-levying jurisdictions" (Alaska Constitution, Article X, Section 1). The Alaska Supreme Court held with respect to combining city and borough governments through unification that: " Unification is consistent with the purpose expressed in article X, section 1 of minimizing the number of local government units. "

It is worth mentioning that the Task Force on Governmental Roles, established by the 1991 Legislature under SCS CS HCR 17 to examine state policies regarding local government concluded as follows: " Unification of borough and city administrations should be encouraged wherever possible to provide for more efficient and cost-effective service delivery. "

Alaskans have embraced the constitutional principles encouraging the combination of city and borough governments. Consider, for example, that in 1970, about half of the people who lived within an organized borough also lived within a city government. Today, the figure is about 18% - the number of Alaskans within both a city and borough declined by approximately two-thirds since 1970.

Another limitation in state law on the creation of a new city concerns the possibility of receiving services through annexation to an existing city. If annexation is viable, a new city cannot be formed.

In addition to need for a city government, a proposed city must also have enough of an economy to support the proposed city government. Also, the population of the community must be large and stable enough. A community must have at least 400 permanent residents to be approved for incorporation as a first class or home-rule city. The boundaries of the proposed city must also meet the standards in the law.

Residents of unincorporated communities in the unorganized borough often have an easier test to show a need for a city government.

What options are available for city incorporation?

There are three types of city government in Alaska (second class, first class, and home rule). Each class of city government has broad powers (AS 29.35) and every city also has certain general obligations (e.g., annual audits or financial reports, regular elections, codification of ordinances, regular meetings of the city council, etc.)

The powers and duties of a city, particularly a home-rule or first class city, are greatly affected by whether it is inside or outside an organized borough. For example, state law requires each home rule and first class city outside an organized borough to operate a city school. (AS 29.35.260) In contrast, no city within a borough may operate a school district. Additionally, each home rule and first class city outside an organized borough must exercise the powers of planning, platting, and land use regulation. In comparison, cities within boroughs may exercise planning, platting, and land use regulation powers if the borough delegates those powers to the city. (AS 29.35.250) Beyond the noted requirements for education, planning, platting, and land use regulation, state law does not require cities to provide any particular service or facility.

It is important to note that incorporation of a home rule city requires petitioners to prepare a charter, which is the equivalent of a local government constitution. Writing a charter requires more community expertise and commitment than what is required for incorporation of a first class or second class city.

Who can petition to incorporate?

A city government is customarily created by a petition to the Local Boundary Commission (LBC) from voters within a bona fide community as defined in 3 AAC 110.990. Although the state can create city governments on its own initiative, it has never done so.

State law (AS 29.05.011) requires that a community must have at least 400 permanent residents to incorporate as a home rule or first class city. A petition to incorporate a home rule or first class city must be signed by at least 50 resident voters, or 15% of the number of voters who voted in the area during the last general election, whichever is greater.

There is no minimum population requirement for incorporation of a second class city; however, the incorporation petition must be signed by at least 25 resident voters, or 15% of the number of voters who voted in the area during the last general election, whichever is greater.

Are there limits on the incorporation of a city?

Yes. AS 29.05.021 and 3 AAC 110.010 prohibit the formation of a new city government if the needed services can be provided by annexation to an existing city, or if the needed services can be provided by an organized borough. Residents of a community within a borough who wish to consider forming a city government should talk with borough officials on the matter.

What are the "pros" and "cons" of incorporation?

It is important to carefully look at the pros and cons of incorporation before beginning any incorporation effort. The advantages and disadvantages of forming a new city government will vary depending on the community and the type of city proposed for incorporation. Generally, people supporting incorporation stress that a city would provide greater local control and the means to provide essential local services.

People against incorporation generally focus on the possibility of new taxes and fees among the potential problems. Also, if the community is within an organized borough, critics frequently stress that the borough can provide any needed services and that a city would just be an unnecessary additional layer of government.

Are there criteria that guide the development of a petition?

Yes, AS 29.05.011 and 3 AAC 110.005-3 AAC 110.042.005 provide standards that must be met in order to incorporate. The Local Boundary Commission will use these same criteria to make a decision on the petition. These criteria or standards should be carefully reviewed when deciding whether to incorporate. If the potential petitioners decide to incorporate, the criteria should be used to guide the development of the petition.

What boundaries are appropriate for a new city?

City governments are community-based municipalities (as opposed to boroughs, which are regional municipalities). As such, their boundaries are limited to much smaller areas. Legal standards for city boundaries are provided in AS 29.05.011(a)(2) and 3 AAC 110.040.

Are state grants available to study the feasibility and need for a new city government?

No. State funding is not available for studies of a potential city government.

Does the state provide technical assistance to citizens who wish to incorporate?

Yes, LBC staff will provide certain assistance to potential petitioners. Assistance includes providing petition forms and sample successful proposals; information on policy issues and technical matters; and direction on sources of information needed to complete a petition. While the state can provide some assistance, the burden of preparing a proper petition remains with the petitioners.

Does the state provide technical assistance to citizens that are opposed to incorporation?

Yes. LBC staff will also provide assistance to any person or group that wants to comment on a proposal. Assistance might include providing sample responsive briefs filed on previous petitions, discussion on policy issues, guidance on technical matters, and direction on where to get information needed to complete a responsive brief opposing a proposal.

Can a petition be changed after it is filed?

Yes, the petition may be changed by the petitioner. The LBC can also change it or add conditions to an incorporation proposal Following a public hearing. Ideally, however, with careful planning and proper consultation before filing a petition, the need to make changes can be avoided. Changing a petition may, under certain circumstances, cause delays in the consideration of the petition.

How long does it take to incorporate?

Usually it takes several months (in some cases a year or more depending on the local effort) to prepare a proper petition. Possible petitioners are encouraged to work closely with the LBC staff in developing a petition. Once a petition is completed and the necessary signatures have been gathered, the petition is filed with the Local Boundary Commission. The process for review of the proposal by the LBC typically takes one year or longer. If the commission approves the petition, the state will conduct a local election on the matter. The process for the incorporation election typically involves about three months.

Publications:

• City Incorporation Procedures Flow Chart
• City Incorporation Information Packet
• Powers and Duties of Cities
• Local Government in Alaska 2015

Alaska Constitution - Article X

• Section 1. Purpose and Construction, local self-government, local government units.
• Section 2. Local self-government powers, taxing authority.
• Section 5. Service Areas, incorporation to encompass proposed service area.
• Section 7. Cities.
• Section 12. Boundaries.
• Section 14. Agency to advise and assist local governments.

Alaska Statutes

• AS 29.05.011. Incorporation of a city, incorporation standards.
• AS 29.05.021. Limitations on incorporation of a city, annexation.
• AS 29.05.060. Petition, required information, maps, proposed operating budget, signatures, powers.
• AS 29.05.070. Review, deficient application.
• AS 29.05.080. Investigation, Commerce informational meetings, notice.
• AS 29.05.090. Hearing, public hearing.
• AS 29.05.100. Decision, LBC amendment/conditions, decision criteria, appeal under the Administrative Procedures Act.
• AS 29.05.110. Incorporation election, notification to director of elections, election on incorporation, municipal officials, voter qualifications, powers, charter.
• AS 29.05.120. Election of initial officials, nomination form, elections supervisor, terms in office.
• AS 29.05.130. Integration of special districts and service areas, time limit, fees, taxes, assessments.
• AS 29.05.140. Transition, time limit; effect of ordinances, rules, and procedures; written notice.
• AS 29.05.150. Challenge of legality, time limit.
• AS 29.05.180. Organization grants, disbursement timeline.
• AS 44.33.810. Local Boundary Commission, appointment.
• AS 44.33.812. Powers and Duties.
• AS 44.33.814. Meetings and Hearings.
• AS 44.33.816. Minutes and Records.
• AS 44.33.818. Notice of Public Hearings.
• AS 44.33.820. Quorum.
• AS 44.33.822. Boundary Change.
• AS 44.33.824. Expenses.
• AS 44.33.826. Hearings on boundary changes.
• AS 44.33.828. When boundary changes take effect.

Alaska Administrative Code

• 3 AAC 110.005. Community.
• 3 AAC 110.010. Need, factors considered in determining need, limitation on incorporation.
• 3 AAC 110.020. Resources, factors considered in determining resources available to provide essential public services.
• 3 AAC 110.030. Population, factors considered in determining population characteristics.
• 3 AAC 110.040. Boundaries, factors considered in determining land and water needed for essential public services, large geographic and unpopulated ares, overlapping boundaries.
• 3 AAC 110.042. Best interests of state, factors considered in best interest determination
• 3 AAC 110.400. Applicability.
• 3 AAC 110.410. Petitioners authorized petitioners, signature requirements.
• 3 AAC 110.420. Petition, form, supporting brief, exhibits.
• 3 AAC 110.425. Legislative review annexation petitions.
• 3 AAC 110.430. Consolidation of petitions.
• 3 AAC 110.440. Technical review of petitions, Commerce review, deficient petition.
• 3 AAC 110.450. Notice of petition, time limit and method for providing notice.
• 3 AAC 110.460. Service of petition, recipients and method of delivery, availability of all petition documents for public review.
• 3 AAC 110.470. Proof of notice and service.
• 3 AAC 110.480. Responsive briefs and written comments, filing with Commerce, affidavit of delivery to petitioner.
• 3 AAC 110.490. Reply brief, filing with Commerce, affidavit of delivery to respondent.
• 3 AAC 110.500. Limitations on advocacy, adherence to regulations, commission contact with interested parties.
• 3 AAC 110.510. Informational sessions, Commerce determination of adequate public information sessions, affidavit.
• 3 AAC 110.520. Departmental public meetings, notice, affidavit of posting, presiding officer, meeting summary, postponement, relocation.
• 3 AAC 110.530. Departmental report, draft review and comment.
• 3 AAC 110.540. Amendments and withdrawal, time limit, petition signatures, notice, service.
• 3 AAC 110.550. Commission public hearing, notice, public service announcement, postponement, relocation.
• 3 AAC 110.560. Commission hearing procedures, presiding officer, commission quorum, limit on comments, witnesses, sworn testimony, timely submission of documents.
• 3 AAC 110.570. Decisional meeting, time limit, commission quorum, change to comply with law, minutes, statement of considerations, decision, affidavit.
• 3 AAC 110.580. Reconsideration, time limit, denial or acceptance of request.
• 3 AAC 110.590. Certain local action annexations, applicable regulations.
• 3 AAC 110.600. Local action/local option elections, election by director of elections under AS 15, election by municipality.
• 3 AAC 110.610. Legislative review, amendment to consider as local action/option procedure, legislative review of commission decision.
• 3 AAC 110.620. Judicial review, appeal and judicial review in accordance with Administrative Procedure Act.
• 3 AAC 110.630. Effective date and certification, Voting Rights Act approval, certification of election, legislative review deadline, certificate of change, recordation.
• 3 AAC 110.640. Scheduling, chairperson order setting/amending schedule, timeline, postponement.
• 3 AAC 110.650. Resubmittals and reversals, denial of previous similar petition, request for reversal of decision.
• 3 AAC 110.660. Purpose of procedural regulations, relaxation or suspension of procedural regulation, commission discretion, guidelines.
• 3 AAC 110.900. Transition, submission of transition plan; assumption of powers, duties, responsibilities, assets, and liabilities; time limit on execution of plan; approved agreement.
• 3 AAC 110.910. Statement of non-discrimination.
• 3 AAC 110.920. Determination of community, factors considered in determining whether the term community applies.
• 3 AAC 110.970. Determination of essential city or borough services, guidelines.
• 3 AAC 110.980. Determination of best interests of the state, guidelines.
• 3 AAC 110.990. Definitions.